Max takeoff weight of a plane is defined in terms of which factors?

The maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of an aircraft is primarily defined by aircraft design and performance limits. This crucial figure is determined during the aircraft's design phase and takes into account various factors, including the structural integrity of the airframe, the capabilities of the engines, and the aerodynamics of the aircraft. Each of these elements plays a significant role in establishing the maximum weight the aircraft can safely handle at takeoff, allowing for safe operation within its performance envelopes.

In contrast, while payload, fuel, pilot weight, baggage, and safety regulations are important considerations for overall operational limits and flight planning, they are secondary to the fundamental aspects of the aircraft's design and performance specifications. The MTOW ensures that the aircraft performs correctly and safely under various conditions, including climb performance and structural stress. Therefore, understanding the MTOW in the context of aircraft design and performance limits is essential for safe and effective aircraft operation.